z was Proto-Germanic, and evolved into Proto-Norse /r₂/ and is also transliterated as ʀ. Ï is also transliterated as æ and may have been either a diphthong or a vowel close to or. Þ corresponds to (unvoiced) or (voiced) (like the English digraph - th-). In the following table, each rune is given with its common transliteration: The Elder Futhark (named after the initial phoneme of the first six rune names: F, U, Þ, A, R and K) has 24 runes, often arranged in three groups of eight runes each group is called an ætt (pl. Both the Anglo-Saxon futhorc and the Younger Futhark remained in use during the Early and the High Middle Ages respectively, but knowledge of how to read the Elder Futhark was forgotten until 1865, when it was deciphered by Norwegian scholar Sophus Bugge. In Scandinavia, beginning in the late 8th century, the script was simplified to the Younger Futhark, while the Anglo-Saxons and Frisians instead extended it, giving rise to the Anglo-Saxon futhorc. Inscriptions are found on artifacts including jewelry, amulets, plateware, tools, and weapons, as well as runestones in Scandinavia, from the 2nd to the 10th centuries. It was a writing system used by Germanic peoples for Northwest Germanic dialects in the Migration Period. The Elder Futhark (or Fuþark), also known as the Older Futhark, Old Futhark, or Germanic Futhark, is the oldest form of the runic alphabets. Distribution of pre–sixth-century Elder Futhark finds Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of runes.
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